State and Revolution, Part 7
Lenin speaking in 1917
Housing,
Democracy and Communism
This fourth chapter of
Lenin’s “The State and Revolution” (attached, and linked below) presents a
study circle with a problem: As short as it is, yet there is too much in this
chapter to discuss in a 1½ hour session.
The Freirean requirement from
any text is only that it provides a good occasion for dialogue. The dialogue is
where the value lies, because it generates socialised learning. We are not
trying to learn the text in its entirety, as individuals.
This chapter is almost a
catalogue of critical contributions made by Frederick Engels, plus remarks of
Lenin’s own. The remarks on democracy are particularly challenging. So the
chapter provides many topics that could be taken in a dialogue, from which
comrades will have to choose. Here are some of them:
Housing Question
"How is the housing question to be settled then?
In present-day society, it is settled just as any other social question: by the
gradual economic levelling of demand and supply, a settlement which reproduces
the question itself again and again and therefore is no settlement.” [Engels]
Authority
"Have these gentlemen ever seen a revolution? A
revolution is certainly the most authoritarian thing there is; it is an act
whereby one part of the population imposes its will upon the other part by
means of rifles, bayonets and cannon, all of which are highly authoritarian
means. And the victorious party must maintain its rule by means of the terror
which its arms inspire in the reactionaries.” [Engels]
Monopoly capitalism (remarks on the Erfurt Programme)
The "proximity" of such capitalism to
socialism should serve genuine representatives of the proletariat as an
argument proving the proximity, facility, feasibility, and urgency of the
socialist revolution, and not at all as an argument for tolerating the
repudiation of such a revolution and the efforts to make capitalism look more
attractive, something which all reformists are trying to do.
…the democratic
republic is the nearest approach to the dictatorship of the proletariat. [Lenin]
National Question
Engels, like Marx, never betrayed the slightest desire
to brush aside the national question. [Lenin]
Religion
…the party struggle against the opium of religion
which stupifies the people. [Lenin]
The State (in the Paris Commune)
"... in order not to lose again its only
just-gained supremacy, this working class must, on the one hand, do away with
all the old machinery of oppression previously used against it itself, and, on
the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by
declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any time...."
“…in Germany particularly the superstitious
belief in the state has passed from philosophy into the general consciousness
of the bourgeoisie and even of many workers.” [Engels]
Communist and
Social-Democrat
Engels wrote that in all his articles he used the word
"Communist", and not "Social-Democrat". [Lenin]
Overcoming of democracy
…it is constantly
forgotten that the abolition of the state means also the abolition of
democracy; that the withering away of the state means the withering away of
democracy.
At first sight this
assertion seems exceedingly strange and incomprehensible; indeed, someone may
even suspect us of expecting the advent of a system of society in which the
principle of subordination of the minority to the majority will not be observed
- for democracy means the recognition of this very principle.
No, democracy is
not identical with the subordination of the minority to the majority. Democracy
is a state which recognizes the subordination of the minority to the majority,
i.e., an organization for the systematic use of force by one class against
another, by one section of the population against another.
We set ourselves
the ultimate aim of abolishing the state, i.e., all organized and systematic
violence, all use of violence against people in general. We do not expect the
advent of a system of society in which the principle of subordination of the
minority to the majority will not be observed.
In striving for
socialism, however, we are convinced that it will develop into communism and,
therefore, that the need for violence against people in general, for the
subordination of one man to another, and of one section of the population to
another, will vanish altogether since people will become accustomed to
observing the elementary conditions of social life without violence and without
subordination. [Lenin]
This is a very complete concretisation of the question of democracy and
communism.
Image: Lenin in late 1917, probably only a few weeks after
writing “The State and Revolution”.
·
The above is to
introduce the original reading-text: State and Revolution, Chapter 4,
Engels’ Supplementary Explanations, Lenin.
