State and Revolution,
Part 7
Lenin speaking in 1917
Housing, Democracy and Communism
This fourth chapter of Lenin’s “The State and Revolution” (attached,
and linked below) presents a study circle with a problem: As short as it is,
yet there is too much in this chapter to discuss in a 1½ hour session.
The Freirean requirement from any text is only that it
provides a good occasion for dialogue. The dialogue is where the value lies,
because it generates socialised learning. We are not trying to learn the text
in its entirety, as individuals.
This chapter is almost a catalogue of critical contributions
made by Frederick Engels, plus remarks of Lenin’s own. The remarks on democracy
are particularly challenging. So the chapter provides many topics that could be
taken in a dialogue, from which comrades will have to choose. Here are some of
them:
Housing Question
"How
is the housing question to be settled then? In present-day society, it is
settled just as any other social question: by the gradual economic levelling of
demand and supply, a settlement which reproduces the question itself again and
again and therefore is no settlement.” [Engels]
Authority
"Have
these gentlemen ever seen a revolution? A revolution is certainly the most
authoritarian thing there is; it is an act whereby one part of the population
imposes its will upon the other part by means of rifles, bayonets and cannon,
all of which are highly authoritarian means. And the victorious party must
maintain its rule by means of the terror which its arms inspire in the
reactionaries.” [Engels]
Monopoly capitalism (remarks on the Erfurt
Programme)
The
"proximity" of such capitalism to socialism should serve genuine
representatives of the proletariat as an argument proving the proximity,
facility, feasibility, and urgency of the socialist revolution, and not at all
as an argument for tolerating the repudiation of such a revolution and the
efforts to make capitalism look more attractive, something which all reformists
are trying to do.
…the democratic republic is the
nearest approach to the dictatorship of the proletariat. [Lenin]
National Question
Engels,
like Marx, never betrayed the slightest desire to brush aside the national
question. [Lenin]
Religion
…the party
struggle against the opium of religion which stupifies the people. [Lenin]
The State (in the Paris Commune)
"...
in order not to lose again its only just-gained supremacy, this working class
must, on the one hand, do away with all the old machinery of oppression
previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against
its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception,
subject to recall at any time...."
“…in Germany particularly
the superstitious belief in the state has passed from philosophy into the
general consciousness of the bourgeoisie and even of many workers.” [Engels]
Communist and Social-Democrat
Engels
wrote that in all his articles he used the word "Communist", and not
"Social-Democrat". [Lenin]
Overcoming of democracy
…it is constantly forgotten that the
abolition of the state means also the abolition of democracy; that the
withering away of the state means the withering away of democracy.
At first sight this assertion seems
exceedingly strange and incomprehensible; indeed, someone may even suspect us
of expecting the advent of a system of society in which the principle of
subordination of the minority to the majority will not be observed - for
democracy means the recognition of this very principle.
No, democracy is not identical with
the subordination of the minority to the majority. Democracy is a state which
recognizes the subordination of the minority to the majority, i.e., an
organization for the systematic use of force by one class against another, by
one section of the population against another.
We set ourselves the ultimate aim of
abolishing the state, i.e., all organized and systematic violence, all use of
violence against people in general. We do not expect the advent of a system of
society in which the principle of subordination of the minority to the majority
will not be observed.
In striving for socialism, however,
we are convinced that it will develop into communism and, therefore, that the
need for violence against people in general, for the subordination of one man
to another, and of one section of the population to another, will vanish
altogether since people will become accustomed to observing the elementary
conditions of social life without violence and without subordination. [Lenin]
This is a
very complete concretisation of the question of democracy and communism.
Image: Lenin in late 1917, probably only a few weeks
after writing “The State and Revolution”.
- The above is to introduce the original reading-text: State and Revolution, Chapter 4, Engels’ Supplementary Explanations, Lenin.
